Manav Goyal

Introduction - Microprocessor And Interfacing

  • Evolution of Microprocessor
    • First Generation (1939 - 1954)
      • Vacuum Tubes
    • Second Generation (1954 - 1959)
      • Transistor
    • Third Generation (1959 - 1971)
      • Integrated Circuit (IC)
    • Fourth Generation (1971 - Present)
      • Microprocessor
      • Scaling from 4004 to pentium 4
      • Identified with word size of data
      • Types
        • 4-bit Processor
          • ALU can perform 4 bit data operation at a time
          • INTEL 4004, INTEL 4040
        • 8-bit Processor
          • 8008, 8080, 8085, MOTOROLA 6800 (M6800)
        • 16-bit Processor
          • 8086, 8088, ZILOG 2800, 80186, 80286
        • 32-bit Processor
          • INTEL 80386, 80387, 80486
          • INTEL PENTIUM, INTEL PENTIUM PRO, INTEL PENTIUM II, INTEL PENTIUM III, INTEL PENTIUM IV
          • INTEL DUAL CORE
        • 64-bit Processor
          • Speed is very fast
          • INTEL CORE 2
          • INTEL CORE I7
          • INTEL CORE I5
          • INTEL CORE I3
  • Microprocessor
    • Basic
      • Also known as CPU, Brain of microcomputer, Stand-alone
      • A single chip, Present in the motherboard
      • Controls all the components -=> Memory, IO Devices, External Devices
      • High level language > Assembly language > Machine language
      • Executes sequence of instruction
      • It fetch, decode and execute the instructions
      • Designer can decide on the amount of RAM, ROM, I/O Devices
      • Expensive, Versatility, General Purpose
      • High processing power, High power consumption
      • Instruction sets focus on processing intensive operations
      • Typically 32/64 bits
      • Typically deep pipeline (5-20 stages)
      • Image Not Loaded
    • Components
      • Registers
        • Temporary storage location for performing instruction
      • Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)
        • Performs all arithmetic and logical operations
      • Timing and Control Unit
        • Keeps all other parts of system (Registers, ALU, Memory, I/O) working together in right time sequence
    • Connected with
      • Input
        • Used to give the input data to Microprocessor
      • Output
        • Used to provide the result of calculation
      • Memory
        • Used to store the data
        • Bidirectional
  • Microcontroller
    • Basic
      • Integrated electronic computing device that includes CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O, Timer all in a single chip
      • Used for applications in which cost and space are critical
      • Single purpose (Control oriented), Low processing power, Low power consumption
      • Instruction sets focus on control and Bit-level operation
      • Typically 8/16 bits
      • Typically single cycle or two stage pipeline
      • Image Not Loaded
    • Components
      • Microprocessor
      • Memory
      • I/O Ports
    • Supporting Devices
      • Timers
      • Analog to Digital (A/D) convertors
      • Serial I/O ports
    • Common Communication Lines
      • System Bus
  • Memory
    • Storage device
      • Address
        • In terms of Binary numbers
        • Data lines
      • Registers
    • Main category
      • Read/Write Memory (RAM)
        • Data is erased when system is turned off
      • Read only Memory (ROM)
        • Data is stored permanently
  • I/O Devices
    • Input Devices
      • Switches and Keypads
      • Provide binary operations to the Microprocessor Unit (MPU)
    • Output Devices
      • LED's and LCD's
      • Receive binary information from the Microprocessor Unit (MPU)
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